Term: Calcium chloride

**Group 1: History and Production**
– Discovered in the 15th century, studied in the 18th century
– Historically called fixed sal ammoniac
– Modern names include muriate of lime
– Synthesized during the distillation of ammonium chloride with lime
– Nonvolatile during synthesis
– Derived from limestone as a by-product of the Solvay process
– North American consumption in 2002 was 1,529,000 tonnes
– Most obtained by purification from brine
– Contains trace amounts of other cations and anions
– Found as rare evaporite minerals sinjarite and antarcticite
– Other natural hydrates include ghiaraite, chlorocalcite, tachyhydrite, and rorisite

**Group 2: Uses of Calcium Chloride**
– De-icing and freezing-point depression
– Road surfacing
– Food industry applications
– Laboratory and related drying operations
– Accelerates initial setting in concrete mixes
– Prevents cork spot and bitter pit on apples
– Flavoring pickles without increasing sodium content
– Metal Reduction Flux in titanium production
– Medical use in intravenous therapy to prevent hypocalcemia
– Food preservation
– Accelerating concrete set time
– Adhesives in building construction
– Non-surgical sterilization in animals

**Group 3: Hazards and Health Concerns**
– Non-toxic when wet but can irritate and burn skin
– Ingestion can cause gastrointestinal irritation or ulceration
– Consumption can lead to hypercalcemia
– Side effects like gastric necrosis
– Clinical evaluation for male sterilization
– Possible drug war involvement
– Narcos’ interest in basic chemical
– Product safety assessments

**Group 4: Chemical Properties and Regulatory Information**
– Dissolves in water, producing chloride and aquo complex
– High enthalpy change of solution
– Can be electrolyzed to give calcium metal and chlorine gas
– Minerals like sinjarite and ghiaraite
– Composition affecting nutritional quality
– Black stomach due to ingestion
– Bitter pit in apples
– Practical necrotizing agent
– UNEP publications on safety assessment
– FDA compliance articles
– CFR regulations
– Indications and warnings
– Compliance with standards

**Group 5: Miscellaneous Information**
– Used in agricultural implement tires for traction
– Used in air dehumidifiers
– Suppresses dust formation on dirt roads
– Reduces need for grading and fill-in materials
– Firming agent in canned vegetables
– Enhances texture of various food products
– Used in tofu production
– Adds texture to sliced apples and strawberries
– Used in brewing beer and cheesemaking
– Frequently used in drying tubes
– Dries kelp for producing sodium carbonate
– Approved by FDA for ensuring dryness in packaging
– Hydrated salt can be dried for re-use
– Forms hard amalgamated solid when cooled after heating

Calcium chloride (Wikipedia)

Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound, a salt with the chemical formula CaCl₂. It is a white crystalline solid at room temperature, and it is highly soluble in water. It can be created by neutralising hydrochloric acid with calcium hydroxide.

Calcium chloride

Names
IUPAC name Calcium chloride
Other names Neutral calcium chloride calcium(II) chloride calcium dichloride (1:2) E509
Identifiers
CAS Number	10043-52-4 Y 22691-02-7 (monohydrate) Y 10035-04-8 (dihydrate) Y 25094-02-4 (tetrahydrate) N 7774-34-7 (hexahydrate) Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image Interactive image monohydrate: Interactive image dihydrate: Interactive image hexahydrate: Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:3312 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200668 N
ChemSpider	23237 Y
DrugBank	DB01164 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.030.115
EC Number	233-140-8
E number	E509 (acidity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID	24854
RTECS number	EV9800000
UNII	OFM21057LP Y LEV48803S9 (monohydrate) Y M4I0D6VV5M (dihydrate) Y 1D898P42YW (hexahydrate) Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5020235
InChI InChI=1S/Ca.2ClH/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 Y Key: UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y InChI=1/Ca.2ClH/h;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2 Key: UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-NUQVWONBAG
SMILES Cl[Ca]Cl [Ca+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] monohydrate: Cl[Ca]Cl.O dihydrate: Cl[Ca]Cl.O.O hexahydrate: Cl[Ca]Cl.O.O.O.O.O.O
Properties
Chemical formula	CaCl2
Molar mass	110.98 g·mol−1
Appearance	White hygroscopic powder
Odor	Odorless
Density	2.15 g/cm3 (anhydrous) 2.24 g/cm3 (monohydrate) 1.85 g/cm3 (dihydrate) 1.83 g/cm3 (tetrahydrate) 1.71 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
Melting point	772–775 °C (1,422–1,427 °F; 1,045–1,048 K) anhydrous 260 °C (500 °F; 533 K) monohydrate, decomposes 175 °C (347 °F; 448 K) dihydrate, decomposes 45.5 °C (113.9 °F; 318.6 K) tetrahydrate, decomposes 30 °C (86 °F; 303 K) hexahydrate, decomposes
Boiling point	1,935 °C (3,515 °F; 2,208 K) anhydrous
Solubility in water	Anhydrous: 74.5 g/100 mL (20 °C) Hexahydrate: 49.4 g/100 mL (−25 °C) 59.5 g/100 mL (0 °C) 65 g/100 mL (10 °C) 81.1 g/100 mL (25 °C) 102.2 g/100 mL (30.2 °C) α-Tetrahydrate: 90.8 g/100 mL (20 °C) 114.4 g/100 mL (40 °C) Dihydrate: 134.5 g/100 mL (60 °C) 152.4 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility	Soluble in acetic acid, alcohols Insoluble in liquid ammonia, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate
Solubility in ethanol	18.3 g/100 g (0 °C) 25.8 g/100 g (20 °C) 35.3 g/100 g (40 °C) 56.2 g/100 g (70 °C)
Solubility in methanol	21.8 g/100 g (0 °C) 29.2 g/100 g (20 °C) 38.5 g/100 g (40 °C)
Solubility in acetone	0.1 g/kg (20 °C)
Solubility in pyridine	16.6 g/kg
Acidity (pKa)	8–9 (anhydrous) 6.5–8.0 (hexahydrate)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−5.47·10−5 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.52
Viscosity	3.34 cP (787 °C) 1.44 cP (967 °C)
Structure
Crystal structure	Orthorhombic (rutile, anhydrous), oP6 Tetragonal (anhydrous, > 217 °C), oP6 Trigonal (hexahydrate)
Space group	Pnnm, No. 58 (anhydrous) P42/mnm, No. 136 (anhydrous, >217 °C)
Point group	2/m 2/m 2/m (anhydrous) 4/m 2/m 2/m (anhydrous, >217 °C)
Lattice constant	a = 6.259 Å, b = 6.444 Å, c = 4.17 Å (anhydrous, 17 °C) α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
Coordination geometry	Octahedral at Ca2+ centres (anhydrous)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	72.89 J/(mol·K) (anhydrous) 106.23 J/(mol·K) (monohydrate) 172.92 J/(mol·K) (dihydrate) 251.17 J/(mol·K) (tetrahydrate) 300.7 J/(mol·K) (hexahydrate)
Std molar entropy (S⦵298)	108.4 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−795.42 kJ/mol (anhydrous) −1110.98 kJ/mol (monohydrate) −1403.98 kJ/mol (dihydrate) −2009.99 kJ/mol (tetrahydrate) −2608.01 kJ/mol (hexahydrate)
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)	−748.81 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
ATC code	A12AA07 (WHO) B05XA07 (WHO), G04BA03 (WHO)
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Irritant
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H319
Precautionary statements	P305+P351+P338
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 1
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	1,000-1,400 mg/kg (rats, oral)
Related compounds
Other anions	Calcium fluoride Calcium bromide Calcium iodide
Other cations	Beryllium chloride Magnesium chloride Strontium chloride Barium chloride Radium chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Calcium chloride is commonly encountered as a hydrated solid with generic formula CaCl₂·nH₂O, where n = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6. These compounds are mainly used for de-icing and dust control. Because the anhydrous salt is hygroscopic and deliquescent, it is used as a desiccant.

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