Calcareous- **Zoology:** - Used to describe anatomical structures primarily made of calcium carbonate in animals like gastropods - Applies to structures like operculum, clausilium, and love dart - Applies to calcium carbonate tests of Foraminifera - Molluscs and calcareous sponges are calcareous(...)

Calcium carbonate- Properties: - Chemical formula: CaCO - Molar mass: 100.0869 g/mol - Appearance: Fine white powder or colorless crystals; chalky taste - Odor: Odorless - Density: 2.711 g/cm (calcite), 2.83 g/cm (aragonite) - Melting and Boiling Points: - Melting point: 1,339°C (2,442°F; 1,612K)(...)

Calcium chloride**Group 1: History and Production** - Discovered in the 15th century, studied in the 18th century - Historically called fixed sal ammoniac - Modern names include muriate of lime - Synthesized during the distillation of ammonium chloride with lime - Nonvolatile during synthesis - Derived(...)

Calcium hydroxide**Properties of Calcium Hydroxide:** - Poor solubility in water - Retrograde solubility with temperature - Solubility product of 5.02×10 - Reacts with hydrogen chloride - Soluble in glycerol and acids - Polymeric structure **Occurrence and Preparation of Calcium Hydroxide:** -(...)

Calcium nitrate- **Production and Reactivity:** - Norgessalpeter synthesized in Notodden, Norway in 1905 by the Birkeland–Eyde process. - Most of the world's calcium nitrate is made in Porsgrunn. - Produced by treating limestone with nitric acid and neutralization with ammonia. - Used to control certain(...)

Carbon dioxide**Chemical and Physical Properties of Carbon Dioxide:** - Chemical compound formula CO2, linear molecule with one carbon atom double bonded to two oxygen atoms. - Exists as a gas at room temperature, acts as a greenhouse gas absorbing infrared radiation. - Soluble in water forming carbonate(...)

Carbon nanofiber**Carbon Nanofibers Overview:** - Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are nanostructures with enhanced thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. - Synthesized primarily through catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) using iron catalysts. - Existence at the nanometer scale necessitates(...)

CarbonationUrea Production: - Carbonation of ammonia is a step in urea production. - Worldwide production capacity in 2020 was around 180 million tonnes. - Urea is a nitrogen source for plants. - Urea production plants are typically near ammonia manufacturing sites. - Ammonium carbamate decomposes(...)

CementTypes of Cement - Cement materials can be classified into hydraulic cements and non-hydraulic cements. - Hydraulic cements require water for setting and hardening, while non-hydraulic cements can set under air. - Hydraulic cements, such as Portland cement, consist of silicates and(...)

Cement chemist notation- Main Phases in Portland Cement Before and After Hydration: - Oxides used to build complex compounds - Main crystalline phases related to clinker and non-hydrated Portland cement - Crystalline phases of Portland cement known as AF - Phase composition quantified through Bogue formula -(...)

Cement clinker- Composition and preparation: - Portland clinker consists of four minerals: alite, belite, tricalcium aluminate, and calcium aluminoferrite. - Raw materials for clinker-making are usually limestone mixed with clay or silicon dioxide. - The second raw materials used can include clay, shale,(...)

Cement kiln**Cement Kiln Overview and History**: - Cement kilns crucial for producing over a billion tonnes of cement annually. - Process involves grinding raw materials, heating in kiln, and grinding clinker. - Key components of Portland cement formed during the process. - Portland cement clinker(...)

Chemical reaction**History:** - Antoine Lavoisier developed the theory of combustion as a chemical reaction with oxygen. - Chemical reactions such as combustion in fire, fermentation, and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity. - Initial theories of transformation of materials were(...)

Circular economy**Circular Economy Principles and Implementation**: - Circular economy targets zero waste and decoupling environmental pressure from economic growth. - It aims to return materials to industrial processes or safely back to the environment. - Circular economy is linked to industrial ecology,(...)

Citric acid**Natural Occurrence and Industrial Production**: - Citric acid is naturally found in high concentrations in lemons, oranges, limes, and other citrus fruits. - It was first isolated in 1784 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele from lemon juice. - Industrial-scale production started in 1890 using Italian(...)

Civil engineer**Specializations in Civil Engineering**: - Civil engineers specialize in areas such as construction engineering, geotechnical engineering, and structural engineering. - They also work on land development, transportation engineering, hydraulic engineering, and environmental engineering. - Some(...)

Clay**Properties of Clay:** - Clay exhibits plasticity when wet and hardens when dried or fired. - The plastic limit of kaolinite clay ranges from 36% to 40%. - High-quality clay is tough due to internal cohesion. - Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate minerals. - Clay particles(...)

Coal combustion products**Coal Combustion Products:** - Fly Ash: - Comprises 60% of coal combustion waste - Used as substitute for Portland cement - Common in building materials like grouts and roofing tiles - Found in asphaltic concrete pavements - Utilized in geotechnical applications like soil(...)

Compressive strength**1. Fundamental Concepts of Compressive Strength:** - Tension and compression are fundamental concepts in mechanics. - Atoms in solids experience forces that resist tension and compression. - Strain is the relative change in length under applied stress. - Compressive strength is crucial(...)

ConcreteDefinition and Composition of Concrete - Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures over time. - It is the second-most-used substance in the world after water. - Concrete is the most widely used building material. - Its usage(...)

Concrete finisherResponsibilities of a Concrete Finisher - Setting concrete forms to the correct depth and pitch - Placing concrete using various methods such as wagons, pumps, or wheelbarrows - Spreading concrete with shovels and rakes - Screeding or leveling the freshly placed concrete with a(...)

Concrete floatIntroduction - Purpose and benefits of concrete floats - Types of concrete floats External links - Bull floats and darbies. Concrete Network. - How to use a concrete float. DoItYourself.com. - Different types of concrete floats. The Constructor. - Tips for maintaining concrete floats.(...)

Concrete mixer**History of Concrete Mixers:** - First concrete mixer developed in 1900 by T.L. Smith in Milwaukee - Portable concrete mixer patented in 1904 by Richard Bodlaender - Horse-drawn Mortar Mixer invention - T.L. Smith Company's large concrete mixers in the 1920s - Roscoe Lee's transit(...)

Concrete plant**Types of Concrete Plants:** - Concrete plants can be classified as dry mix plants or wet mixing plants. - They can be categorized as stationary concrete plants or mobile concrete plants. - Dry mix plants use weigh batchers for sand, gravel, and cement, while wet mix plants combine(...)

Concrete sawBlade choice - Consider the diamond saw blades' features and the type of concrete/asphalt being cut - Take into account the presence of steel bars in reinforced concrete - Differentiate between pebbles and crushed rocks in concrete stone aggregate - Account for the curing time of the(...)

Concrete slump test- Procedure: - Slump cone - Tamping procedure - Removing cone - Height measurement - Test uses a metal mould called a slump cone with specific dimensions for fresh concrete placement and tamping to measure slump. - Interpretation of results: - Types of slump include collapse, shear,(...)

Conglomerate (geology)**Classification of Conglomerates**: - Named and classified by amount and type of matrix present. - Classified by composition of gravel-size clasts they contain. - Sorted based on size range of gravel-size clasts present. - Method depends on type and detail of research being conducted. -(...)

Construction**Construction History and Evolution:** - From hand-built huts to professional craftsmen in the Bronze Age - Emergence of guilds in the Middle Ages - Introduction of steam-powered machinery in the 19th century - Fast-track construction methods in the 21st century **Construction Industry(...)

Construction aggregateDefinition and Importance of Construction Aggregate - Construction aggregate is a category of coarse- to medium-grained particulate material used in construction. It includes materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete, and geosynthetic aggregates. - Aggregates are(...)

ContractorDefinition and Types of Contractors - A contractor is a person or company hired to perform a specific job or service. - There are various types of contractors, including general contractors, specialty contractors, and independent contractors. - Contractors can work in various industries(...)

Corrosion inhibitor- Types of Corrosion Inhibitors: - Benzotriazole forms an inert layer on copper to inhibit corrosion. - Inhibitors depend on the material being protected and the corrosive agents. - Oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide are common corrosive agents. - Reductive inhibitors like amines(...)

Creep (deformation)- Definition of Creep (Deformation): - Creep is slow deformation in solid materials under persistent mechanical stresses. - It occurs below the material's yield strength due to long-term stress exposure. - More severe in materials exposed to heat for extended periods. - Deformation rate(...)

Cross section (geometry)**Definition and Types of Cross-Sections:** - A cross-section is the intersection of a solid with a plane. - The shape of a cross-section varies based on the cutting plane's orientation. - Cross-sections of a ball are disks, while those of a cube depend on the cutting plane's(...)

Crushed stone- Uses of Crushed Stone: - Macadam road construction - Riprap - Railroad track ballast - Filter stone - Composite material in concrete, tarmac, and asphalt - Background of Crushed Stone: - Major raw material in construction - Indicator of economic well-being - Large stone resources(...)