Term: Rebar

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Definition, Purpose, and History of Rebar
– Rebar is short for reinforcing bar, used to strengthen and support concrete and masonry structures.
– It is made of steel and increases the tensile strength of the structure.
– Rebar has a ribbed surface to enhance bonding with concrete and prevent slippage.
– Carbon steel is the most common type of rebar, but other options like stainless steel and composite bars are available.
– Coatings like zinc or epoxy resin can be applied to protect against corrosion.
– Rebar has been used since ancient times, with iron or wooden rods in arch construction.
– In the 19th century, steel bars were embedded in concrete, leading to the development of modern reinforced concrete.
– Notable figures in the invention and popularization of reinforced concrete include Joseph Monier and Ernest L. Ransome.
– Twisted iron rebar was initially met with skepticism but was used in the first reinforced concrete bridge in the United States.
– Different reinforcing systems, such as the mushroom system and diamond-shaped rebar, were experimented with but faced criticism and were eventually replaced.

Use and Benefits of Rebar
– Rebar is used in concrete to provide tensile strength, compensating for its weakness in tension.
– Primary reinforcement ensures the overall resistance needed to support design loads.
– Secondary reinforcement, also known as distribution or thermal reinforcement, limits cracking and resists stresses caused by temperature changes and shrinkage.
– Rebar can also be embedded in masonry walls for added strength and stability.
– Rebar significantly increases the tensile strength of concrete structures, making them more durable and resistant to cracking.
– It enhances the structural integrity and stability of buildings, bridges, and other reinforced concrete elements.
– The use of rebar allows for the construction of larger and more complex structures.
– Different types of rebar, such as stainless steel or composite bars, offer specific performance advantages in certain construction projects.
– Coatings like zinc or epoxy resin protect rebar from corrosion, extending its lifespan in harsh environments.

Standards and Specifications for Rebar
– Deformations on steel bar reinforcement were standardized in the US construction industry around 1950.
– ASTM A305-49 established the requirements for deformations, including rib height and spacing.
– Current specifications for steel bar reinforcing, such as ASTM A615 and ASTM A706, maintain the same deformation requirements as ASTM A305-49.
– These standards ensure the quality and performance of rebar in reinforced concrete structures.
– Compliance with these specifications is essential for the safety and longevity of the construction projects.

Physical Characteristics, Corrosion Prevention, and Sizes of Rebar
– Steel has a thermal expansion coefficient similar to modern concrete.
– Rebar can be pulled out of concrete under high stresses, leading to collapse.
– Rebar is deeply embedded or bent and hooked to prevent failure.
– Unfinished tempered steel rebar is susceptible to rusting.
– Concrete cover must provide a pH value higher than 12 to avoid corrosion.
– Uncoated steel rebars can be prone to rusting.
– Corrosion-resistant materials like epoxy-coated, galvanized, or stainless steel rebars are used in saltwater or marine applications.
– Epoxy-coated rebar provides better corrosion resistance than uncoated rebar.
– Damage to epoxy-coated rebar reduces its long-term corrosion resistance.
– Stainless steel rebar with low magnetic permeability is used to avoid magnetic interference.
– US/Imperial bar sizes are given in units of 1/8 inch.
– The cross-sectional area of a bar is calculated using the formula (bar size/9)^2.
– Bar sizes larger than #8 follow the 1/8-inch rule and skip certain sizes due to historical convention.
– Sizes smaller than #3 are not recognized as standard sizes.
– US/Imperial bar sizes can be converted to metric sizes, but it may result in physically different sized bars.
– Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) rebar is used in high-corrosion environments.
– FRP rebar is available in various forms like spirals, rods, and meshes.
– Most commercially available FRP rebar is made from unidirectional fibers set in a thermoset polymer resin.
– Glass fiber types of FRP rebar have low electrical conductivity and are non-magnetic.

Rebar Sizes in Different Countries
– Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimeters.
– Preferred bar sizes in Europe comply with Table 6 of the standard EN 10080.
– Various national standards still remain in force, such as BS 4449 in the United Kingdom.
– Reinforcement for concrete construction in Australia follows the requirements of Australian Standards AS3600 and AS/NZS4671.
– Reinforcement for concrete construction in New Zealand complies with the requirements of AS/NZS4671.
– Rebars in India are available in different grades such as FE 415, FE 415D, FE 415S, FE 500, FE 500D, FE 500S, FE 550, FE 550D, and FE 600.
– Very large format rebar sizes are available from specialty manufacturers.
– Jumbo bars are commonly used as anchor rods for large structures in the tower and sign industries.
– Fully threaded rebar with coarse threads is produced to satisfy rebar deformation standards and allow for custom nuts and couplers.

Rebar (Wikipedia)

Rebar (short for reinforcing bar), known when massed as reinforcing steel or reinforcement steel, is a steel bar used as a tension device in reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension. Concrete is strong under compression, but has low tensile strength. Rebar significantly increases the tensile strength of the structure. Rebar's surface features a continuous series of ribs, lugs or indentations to promote a better bond with the concrete and reduce the risk of slippage.

The most common type of rebar is carbon steel, typically consisting of hot-rolled round bars with deformation patterns embossed into its surface. Steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal expansion, so a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal differential stress as the temperature changes.

Other readily available types of rebar are manufactured of stainless steel, and composite bars made of glass fiber, carbon fiber, or basalt fiber. The carbon steel reinforcing bars may also be coated in zinc or an epoxy resin designed to resist the effects of corrosion, especially when used in saltwater environments. Bamboo has been shown to be a viable alternative to reinforcing steel in concrete construction. These alternative types tend to be more expensive or may have lesser mechanical properties and are thus more often used in specialty construction where their physical characteristics fulfill a specific performance requirement that carbon steel does not provide.

Synonyms:

Rebar

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Glossary: Concrete
Definition and Composition of Concrete - Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures over time. - It is the second-most-used substance in the world after water. - Concrete is the most widely used building material. - Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined. - When aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. Hydration Process, Additives, and Reinforced Concrete - The cement reacts with the water through a process called concrete hydration that hardens it over several hours. - The hydration process is exothermic, meaning ambient temperature affects the setting time of concrete. - Additives like pozzolans or superplasticizers are included to improve the physical properties of the wet mix. - Additives can also delay or accelerate the curing time of concrete. - The finished material can be modified by adding additives to change its properties. - Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials, such as steel rebar, embedded to provide tensile strength. - Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and reinforcement materials. - The addition of reinforcement allows concrete to withstand tensile forces. - Reinforced concrete is widely used in construction due to its strength and durability. - It is commonly used in structures like bridges, buildings, and infrastructure. Types of Concrete and Historical Significance - Lime-based cement binders, such as lime putty, were used in the past. - Portland cement concrete is a common type of concrete that uses Portland cement as a binder. - Non-cementitious types of concrete exist, such as asphalt concrete with a bitumen binder. - Polymer concretes use polymers as a binder. - Concrete is distinct from mortar, which is a bonding agent used to hold masonry units together. - Concrete floors were found in ancient structures like the royal palace of Tiryns, Greece. - The Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct (688 BC) made use of waterproof concrete. - Mayan concrete at the ruins of Uxmal (850-925 A.D.) is referenced in historical accounts. - The Nabateans pioneered small-scale production of concrete-like materials. - The Romans extensively used concrete from 300 BCE to 476 CE, revolutionizing architecture. Cement, Water, Aggregates, and Admixtures - Portland cement is the most common type of cement, patented by Joseph Aspdin in 1824. - Cement consists of calcium silicates, aluminates, and ferrites. - Water combines with cementitious material to form a cement paste. - Lower water-to-cement ratio yields stronger, more durable concrete. - Impure water can cause problems in concrete setting and structure failure. - Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. - Sand, natural gravel, and crushed stone are commonly used aggregates. - Recycled aggregates from construction, demolition, and excavation waste are increasingly used. - Admixtures are materials added to concrete to give it certain characteristics. - Common admixtures include retarders, accelerators, air entraining agents, and bonding agents. Use of Alternative Materials, Concrete Enhancements, and Production - Alternative materials can lower costs, improve concrete properties, and recycle wastes. - Limestone, fly ash, blast furnace slag, and other materials are being tested and used. - These developments aim to minimize the impacts of cement use on greenhouse gas emissions. - Alternative materials contribute to circular economy aspects of the construction industry. - Crystalline admixtures, pigments, plasticizers, superplasticizers, and retarders are used to enhance concrete. - Concrete production is the process of mixing water, aggregate, cement, and additives to produce concrete. - Concrete production takes place in concrete plants, either ready mix plants or central mix plants. - Design mix ratios, mixing techniques, and curing methods are important factors in concrete production.
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