Term: Hydration reaction

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– **Organic Chemistry**
– Any unsaturated organic compound is susceptible to hydration.
– **Epoxides to Glycol**
– Several million tons of ethylene glycol are produced annually by the hydration of oxirane, a cyclic compound also known as ethylene oxide.
– Acid catalysts are typically used.
– **Alkenes**
– The general chemical equation for the hydration of alkenes involves the addition of a hydroxyl group (OH) to one carbon of the double bond and a proton (H) to the other.
– The reaction is highly exothermic and follows Markovnikov’s rule.
– **Alkynes**
– Acetylene hydrates to give acetaldehyde using mercury catalysts.
– **Aldehydes and Ketones**
– Aldehydes and ketones hydrate to geminal diols, with formaldehyde being significantly present as dihydroxymethane in the presence of water.
– **Nitriles**
– Nitriles are susceptible to hydration to form amides, with the reaction requiring catalysts.
– Enzymes are used for the commercial production of acrylamide from acrylonitrile.
– **Inorganic and Materials Chemistry**
– Hydration is crucial in various applications, such as the production of Portland cement and the functioning of desiccants.
– CuSO4·5H2O is bright blue with a different structure from its anhydrous form.
– **See Also**
– Aquation
– **References**
– Falbe, Jürgen; Bahrmann, Helmut; Lipps, Wolfgang; Mayer, Dieter. Alcohols, Aliphatic.
– Siegfried Rebsdat; Dieter Mayer. Ethylene Glycol.
– Marc Eckert, Gerald Fleischmann, Reinhard Jira, Hermann M. Bolt, Klaus Golka Acetaldehyde in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.
– Banerjee, A.; Sharma, R.; Banerjee, U. (2002). RETRACTED ARTICLE: The nitrile-degrading enzymes: Current status and future prospects. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

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