Term: Binder (material)

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– Classification:
– Binders classified as organic (bitums, animal and plant glues, polymers) and inorganic (lime, cement, gypsum, liquid glass, etc.)
– Binders can be metallic or ceramic, or polymeric based on the main material
– Examples include WC-Co (Tungsten Carbide) with Co as the binding agent for WC particles
– Classification by chemical resistance: non-hydraulic (gypsum, air-cements, magnesia), hydraulic (Roman cement, portland cement), acid-resistant (silicon fluoride cement, quartz cement), and autoclavable (harden at 170 to 300°С)
– Autoclavable binders include materials like CaSiO3

– Physical properties:
– Cement has high compressive strength but low tensile strength
– Cement needs reinforcement with fibrous material or rebar for tension and shear forces
– Resins may be tough and elastic but cannot bear compressive or tensile force
– Tensile strength improved in composite materials with resin as the matrix and fiber as reinforcement
– Compressive strength enhanced by adding filling material

– Uses:
– Binders hold pigments and filling material for paints, pastels, etc.
– Materials like wax, linseed oil, natural gums, methyl cellulose, proteins used in artistic and utilitarian painting
– Glue traditionally made from boiling hoofs, bones, or skin of animals
– Dry substance added to liquid binders for sculptures and reliefs
– Edible thickening agents like tapioca flour used as binders in cooking

– History:
– In the Classical World, painters used egg, wax, honey, lime, etc., as binders for pigment
– Egg-based tempera popular in Europe from the Middle Ages to the early 16th century
– Oil became the preferred binder for paint since the early 16th century

– See also:
– Binder and binding agent entries in Wiktionary
– Disambiguation page for “Binder”
– References to jewelry concepts, sculpture techniques, Greek and Roman sculpture, pop sculpture, etc.

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